Timothy Snyder’s On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century

1. ⁠Do not obey in advance. Authoritarians thrive on passive complicity; don’t preemptively conform to expected behavior.

2. ⁠Defend institutions. Institutions don’t protect themselves—citizens must actively support and strengthen them.

3. ⁠Beware the one-party state. Democracy depends on pluralism; monopolizing power erodes freedom.

4. ⁠Take responsibility for the face of the world. Symbols and slogans shape culture—reject hate and extremism in public life.

5. ⁠Remember professional ethics. Professionals (lawyers, doctors, civil servants) must uphold ethical standards, even under pressure.

6. ⁠Be wary of paramilitaries. Private militias signal a breakdown of lawful order and a drift toward violence.

7. ⁠Be reflective if you must be armed. Members of the police and military must question the legality and morality of their actions.

8. ⁠Stand out. Courage is contagious—small acts of defiance inspire broader resistance.

9. ⁠Be kind to our language. Clear, truthful language guards against manipulation and propaganda.

10. ⁠Believe in truth. Without truth, facts and reality become meaningless, enabling tyranny.

11. ⁠Investigate. Don’t rely on official narratives—seek out independent, verifiable information.

12. ⁠Make eye contact and small talk. Human connection builds solidarity and mutual support against isolation.

13. ⁠Practice corporeal politics. Show up physically—protests and gatherings matter.

14. ⁠Establish a private life. Protect your privacy from surveillance and manipulation.

15. ⁠Contribute to good causes. Support organizations and causes that uphold democratic values.

16. ⁠Learn from peers in other countries. Look beyond borders for inspiration and warning signs.

17. ⁠Listen for dangerous words. Terms like “extremism,” “terrorism,” and “emergency” are often used to justify repressive measures.

18. ⁠Be calm when the unthinkable arrives. Authoritarians exploit chaos; stay grounded and deliberate in crisis.

19. ⁠Be a patriot. True patriotism means standing up for your country’s principles, not just its leaders.

20. ⁠Be as courageous as you can. Democracy requires bravery; be ready to defend freedom, even when it’s difficult